Google will always do evil

Google will always do evil

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One day in late April or early May, Google removed the phrase “don’t be evil” from its code of conduct. After 18 years as the company’s motto, those three words and chunks of their accompanying corporate clauses were unceremoniously deleted from the record, save for a solitary, uncontextualized mention in the document’s final sentence.

Google didn’t advertise this change. In fact, the code of conduct states it was last updated on April 5th. The “don’t be evil” exorcism clearly took place well after that date.

Google has chosen to actively distance itself from the uncontroversial, totally accepted tenet of not being evil, and it’s doing so in a shady (and therefore completely fitting) way. After nearly two decades of trying to live up to its motto, it looks like Google is ready to face reality.

In order for Google to be Google, it has to do evil.

Exterior view of Google office with Android Marshmallow

This is true for every major technology company. Apple, Facebook, Amazon, Tesla, Microsoft, Sony, Twitter, Samsung, Nintendo, Dell, HP, Toshiba — every one of these organizations can’t compete in the market without engaging in unethical, inhumane and invasive practices. It’s a sliding scale: The larger the company, the more integrated it is in our everyday lives, the more evil it can be.

Take Facebook for example. CEO Mark Zuckerberg will stand onstage at F8 and wax poetic about the beauty of connecting billions of people across the globe, while at the same time patenting technologies to determine users’ social classes and enable discrimination in the lending process, and allowing housing advertisers to exclude racial and ethnic groups, or families with women and children, from their listings.

That’s not even mentioning the Cambridge Analytica scandal and the 85 million Facebook users whose personal information ended up, without permission, in the hands of an overseas political group during the contentious 2016 presidential election.

Mark Zuckerberg on stage at Facebook's F8 Developers Conference 2015

And then there’s Apple, the largest public company in the world. It’s also one of the most secretive, but even so, it’s been caught engaging in evil. Apple is one of the most notorious tech names when it comes to child labor and inhumane working conditions. It’s been tied to child labor in Africa, and the Chinese factories where its phones are assembled are frequently cited over illegal and lethal practices. At least nine workers at Apple’s key factory partner, Foxconn Technology Group, committed suicide in 2010, prompting international outrage. Yet just this year, Bloomberg found iPhone assembly workers in the Catcher Technology Co. factory were required to stand for up to 10 hours a day in heinous conditions, handling chemicals, dealing with loud machines and being exposed to miniscule metal particles without proper masks, gloves, goggles or ear plugs. After their shifts, employees lived in dirty dorms without showers or hot water.

More than 200 workers from a single Samsung production line had died or fallen seriously ill.

Apple isn’t the only tech company to work with Foxconn or Catcher, and it isn’t the only one accused of encouraging inhumane assembly lines. In 2016, the AP reported more than 200 workers from a single Samsung production line had died or fallen seriously ill, many being diagnosed with leukemia, lymphoma and MS, despite being relatively young — in their 20s and early 30s. Samsung has denied any involvement in the lethal trend.

There’s a simple reason major tech companies often look the other way after these scandals, brushing concerns aside as they continue to work with factories known for employing children and operating in barbaric ways. It’s necessity. In order to remain competitive, Apple needs 200 million new iPhones with each updated model, and the most profitable way to make that happen is to partner with Foxconn or Catcher. In Apple’s math, the bottom line outweighs the well-being of workers on the assembly line.

CHINA-SUICIDES

The people who actually work at Apple or any major tech company are not monsters. Ask any Apple employee about child labor in iPhone factories and they’ll assuredly express disgust and outrage — but the company itself is far more powerful than its individualized workforce.

Which brings us back to Google. Earlier this month, roughly a dozen employees quit over the company’s involvement in Project Maven, a military program that aims to use AI systems to analyze drone footage. Though Google insists the technology will be applied to “non-offensive uses only,” some employees are concerned about its potential use in drone strikes. On top of those who quit, nearly 4,000 Google employees have signed a petition demanding the company pull out of Project Maven and refuse to work with the military in the future.

The chances of Google actually cutting ties with the US military are miniscule.

The chances of Google actually cutting ties with the US military are miniscule. Besides, quitting wouldn’t stop Project Maven from moving forward; it would only cut Google out of the process, passing the future of AI drone technology to another company. At least with Google, there’s the underlying promise that these systems won’t be evil.

Well. That was true until just a few weeks ago.

The reason major technology companies have so much power to be evil is because many of them have found ways to do good in our lives. These organizations are big for a reason — Google is the backbone of the internet; Apple is a leader in gadget design and ecosystems; Samsung produces a vast range of devices for a wide swath of people; Facebook truly does connect the world. But as a tech company’s propensity to do good grows, so too does its ability to do terrible things. That’s why Google’s motto — “don’t be evil” — was such a poignant reminder of the humanity necessary to keep these companies in check. Emphasis on the was.

Images: Getty (Google building); pestoverde / Flickr (Mark Zuckerberg); Bobby Yip / Reuters (Foxconn factory)

Tech

via Engadget http://www.engadget.com

May 24, 2018 at 01:36PM

Researchers identify a protein that viruses use as gateway into cells

Researchers identify a protein that viruses use as gateway into cells

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An electron micrograph of multiple copies of the chikungunya virus.

The word “chikungunya” (chik-en-gun-ye) comes from Kimakonde, the language spoken by the Makonde people in southeast Tanzania and northern Mozambique. It means “to become contorted,” because that’s what happens to people who get infected. The contortion is a result of severe and debilitating joint pain. Chikungunya was first identified in Tanzania in 1952, but by now cases have been reported around the globe. There is no cure; the CDC recommends that “travelers can protect themselves by preventing mosquito bites.”

Chikungunya is only one of a family of viruses transmitted through mosquitoes for which we have no targeted treatment. This may partially be due to the fact that we didn’t know how they get into our cells. But for chikungunya, we’ve just found one of the proteins responsible.

Identification via deletion

Researchers used the CRISPR-Cas9 DNA editing system to delete more than twenty-thousand mouse genes—a different one in each cell in a dish. Then they added chikungunya to the dish, isolated the cells that didn’t get infected, and looked to see which gene they lacked. This gene would encode a protein required for viral infection, since infection didn’t happen in its absence.

In this way they found a gene encoding an adhesion molecule that was required for chikungunya to infect these cells. Similar genes are found in other mammals, birds, and amphibians, and they are homologous to an adhesion molecule used as an entry receptor for another class of viruses. This particular gene goes by the catchy name of Mxra8. Interestingly, no similar protein is found in mosquitoes.

Since the scientists were using a special “cell-culture-adapted vaccine strain” of chikungunya, they repeated their experiment with an Asian strain and a West African strain of the virus. Neither could infect cells lacking Mxra8. Nor could some other viruses in the same family (called arthritogenic alphaviruses): Ross River virus, Mayaro virus, Barmah Forest virus, and O’nyong nyong virus. However, an East/Central/South African strain of chikungunya and a few others in the same family did not seem to be quite as dependent on Mxra8.

In human cells, too

Results were not limited to mouse cells in petri dishes. They also held true in human cells of the various types infected by chikungunya, like fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and skeletal muscle cells. Humans have four versions of Mxra8, and knocking out each of them diminished the ability of chikungunya to infect the cells. Mice treated with antibodies to Mxra8 had reduced levels of infection—the antibodies bind to the Mxra8 molecules on the surface of the mouse cells, so the virus can’t access it to get in.

Mxra8 doesn’t seem to be required for viral replication, only for viral entry into cells. Further experiments that home in on exactly where the virus binds to it could hopefully lead to the development or identification of small molecules that block the interaction, barring the virus from getting into the cells and preventing infection and disease.

Nature, 2018. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0121-3 (About DOIs).

Tech

via Ars Technica https://arstechnica.com

May 24, 2018 at 12:03PM