Day: March 22, 2018

Scientific advancement: It’s all in the wiggle.

OK, it’s a lot more complicated than that. But when a team of researchers at MIT unveiled their robotic fish Wednesday, one of the keys they emphasized was the graceful undulation of the prototype’s tail — which, besides being rather eye-catching, serves a crucial role in the robot’s ultimate mission: giving scientists the ability to unobtrusively observe marine wildlife remotely.

“Because the fish moves through undulating movement rather than thrusters, the impact it has on how the water moves around it is much more like what is expected of physical fish,” Daniela Rus, director of the school’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab, tells NPR.

In other words, unlike many of the vehicles currently used in underwater scientific observation, their Soft Robotic Fish — or SoFi, for short — doesn’t rely on propellers or jet-based propulsion. Those methods have the tendency to generate loud noise and turbulence, which, according to the paper Rus and her colleagues released Wednesday, “have the potential to scare marine life and to prevent closeup observations.”

Instead, SoFi has a tail built with soft material and powered by soft artificial muscles, allowing it to move in a way that’s a little less intrusive and, for that reason, a little more likely to get close to aquatic life acting naturally. With visibility reduced underwater, this could mean its camera has a better chance at snapping some candid shots to pass on to marine biologists.

During their tests, the robot “did not seem to impact the activity of the other fish around it,” Rus says. “We saw fish swimming by it. We saw schools of fish doing their thing. When our fish went by the other fish did not seem to change what they were in the middle of doing.”

Watch SoFi in action below.

Now, it must be noted that SoFi is far from the only robotic fish to make a splash, so to speak. The team from MIT notes that other researchers have made initial steps toward soft robots capable of mimicking the behavior of fish, mantas and octopi. And just last month, NPR’s Olympics correspondents marveled at the robot fish on display at Pyeongchang.

Even Rus and her colleagues unveiled another autonomous robotic fish prototype back in 2014. That one also had a wiggle that enabled it to “execute an escape maneuver, convulsing its body to change direction in just a fraction of a second, or almost as quickly as a real fish can.”

The big deal about this SoFi, Rus says, is that now it can autonomously move up and down on its own, adjusting its buoyancy with a mechanism that pumps water in and out of the tail. Unlike previous iterations, it can dive to 18 meters untethered, while at the same time it can “autonomously execute high-level commands” issued at a distance by its operator, using acoustic signals.

The hope is that, using these abilities, SoFi will eventually become “our version of the 2000 Leagues Under The Sea observatory,” Rus says, “and we could really have the fish operate as as kind of an underwater webcam or an underwater drone that could be used in marine biology experiments.”

To really support those efforts, though, she says the next step is to give the fish a better eye of its own.

“So for instance,” she explains, “if the robot is used as an autonomous instrument for underwater observations, the fish should be able to say, ‘Oh, that’s a parrotfish. Now I have to track a parrotfish.’ Or: ‘There is a shark. I should follow the shark.’

“Or if it’s tasked to find Nemo, it should look for the clownfish around the sea anemones.”

Another challenge she says they’ll probably have to work on: making sure their own fish doesn’t accidentally become fish food: “I was actually quite terrified by this possibility when we first started our experiment, because I could imagine a very hungry shark going up to our fish,” she says, noting one question sure to linger.

“Can the sea creatures differentiate that robot from dessert?”

Updated at 6:40 a.m. ET

China has sold Pakistan an advanced tracking system that could boost Islamabad’s efforts to improve ballistic missiles capable of delivering multiple warheads, according to The South China Morning Post.

The website of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) announced the deal with Pakistan and Zheng Mengwei, a researcher with the CAS Institute of Optics and Electronics, confirmed to the Post that the purchase was of a “highly sophisticated large-scale optical tracking and measurement system.”

The newspaper writes:

“An optical system is a critical component in missile testing. It usually comes with a pair of high-performance telescopes equipped with a laser ranger, high-speed camera, infrared detector and a centralised computer system that automatically captures and follows moving targets.

The device records high-resolution images of a missile’s departure from its launcher, stage separation, tail flame and, after the missile re-enters atmosphere, the trajectory of the warheads it releases.”

The CAS said a Chinese team spent three months in Pakistan helping calibrate the system. “The system’s performance surpassed the user’s expectations,” it said, adding that it was considerably more complex than Pakistan’s home-made systems, the newspaper said.

Although ostensibly for missile testing, it is similar to technology deployed in ballistic missile defense systems.

Rival India has been working on a missile defense system, which it claims to have successfully tested late last year. Meanwhile, Pakistan has concentrated on a possible countermeasure. In January 2017, it tested a missile that reportedly can deliver multiple warheads, known as MIRVs, which can greatly increase the number of incoming targets, possibly overwhelming missile defense systems.

Pakistan, after its first successful launch of the MIRV-capable missile, known as Ababeel, said in a statement that it is “aimed at ensuring survivability of Pakistan’s ballistic missiles in the growing regional Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) environment.”

India and Pakistan have been locked in a nuclear arms race since the two countries openly conducted nuclear weapons tests within days of one another in May 1998. Since that time, their respective rocket and missile programs have also proceeded swiftly, frequently raising tensions in the South Asian region.

On Thursday, India’s Defense Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced the successful launch of a supersonic cruise missile, the BrahMos, jointly developed by India and Russia. One version of an anti-ship missile, and the army also has fielded its own variant. India is working on yet another version that could be launched from an Sukoi Su-30 fighter jet.

China — which also views India as a regional rival — has long been recognized as the covert benefactor of Pakistan’s nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs, providing technical know-how and expertise.

Last year, Pakistan deployed a Chinese-made low-to-medium altitude air defense system (LOMAD).

But the latest public statement by Beijing of a deal with Islamabad for such sensitive technology is rare — and possibly meant as a signal to New Delhi, with whom it has had recent border tensions and possibly the U.S., which has increasingly tilted toward India in recent decades, especially amid what is viewed as Pakistan’s tepid commitment to shutting down Islamic extremism.

In January, President Trump tweeted that Pakistan had given the U.S. “nothing but lies [and] deceit” in exchange for billions of dollars in foreign aid.