Scientists explore using astronaut poop to make space food

Astronauts aboard the ISS drink recycled pee for a reason: we can only bring so much food and water to to space. Imagine how much more we need to take for that year-long journey to Mars. Since bringing more resources means higher costs — the heavier a spacecraft is, the more fuel it needs, after all — scientists are looking to find ways to make self-sustaining vehicles. A team of researchers from Penn State University, for instance, have developed a method to make space food with astronaut poop.

Disgusting? Well, the team’s technique doesn’t exactly turn the feces itself into food. Instead, it uses microbes to break down solid and liquid human waste with anaerobic digestion, a process that doesn’t consume precious oxygen, similar to what happens inside our stomach when we eat. During digestion, the fecal material produces methane, which is then fed to bacteria (Methylococcus capsulatus) naturally found in soil and already used to make animal pellets using a microbial reactor.

When the researchers tested their technique using artificial poop, the end result was biomass that’s 52 percent protein and 36 percent fats. That’s what future spacefarers would eat — and what Mark Watney probably would’ve used as dip for his potatoes if he just had the equipment. Team leader and Penn State professor Christopher House admits that "[i]t’s a little strange," but it’s like "Marmite or Vegemite where you’re eating a smear of ‘microbial goo.’" We’ll bet space-poop goo is also an acquired taste.

In addition to being packed with nutrients, the goo is also relatively fast to make: researchers said they managed to remove 49 to 59 percent of the solids in the waste material within 13 hours during their tests. That’s much faster than current waste management treatment methods, and as House said, it’s "faster than growing tomatoes or potatoes."

The researchers also found potential food sources other than Methylococcus capsulatus during their tests. When they tried growing microbes in either an alkaline or a high-heat environment to prevent the growth of pathogens, they discovered that a bacterium called Halomonas desiderata (15 percent protein and 7 percent fats) can thrive in the harsh conditions. Another species of bacteria called Thermus aquaticus can live in environments reaching 158 degrees Fahrenheit, as well. With a nutritional value that’s 61 percent protein and 16 percent fats, it’s yet another possible source of microbial goo grub for future astronauts.

Source: PennState, ScienceAlert

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Cisco drops a mega-vulnerability alert for VPN devices

US Air Force

On January 29, Cisco released a high-urgency security alert for customers using network security devices and software that support virtual private network connections to corporate networks. Firewalls, security appliances, and other devices configured with WebVPN clientless VPN software are vulnerable to a Web-based network attack that could bypass the devices’ security, allowing an attacker to run commands on the devices and gain full control of them. This would give attackers unfettered access to protected networks or cause the hardware to reset. The vulnerability has been given a Common Vulnerability Scoring System rating of Critical, with a score of 10—the highest possible on the CVSS scale.

WebVPN allows someone outside of a corporate network to connect to the corporate intranet and other network resources from within a secure browser session. Since it requires no client software or pre-existing certificate to access from the Internet, the WebVPN gateway can be generally reached from anywhere on the Internet—and as a result, it can be programmatically attacked. A spokesperson for the Cisco security team said in the alert that Cisco is not aware of any active exploits of the vulnerability right now. But the nature of the vulnerability is already publicly known, so exploits are nearly certain to emerge quickly.

The vulnerability, discovered by Cedric Halbronn of the NCC Group, makes it possible for an attacker to use multiple, specially formatted XML messages submitted to the WebVPN interface of a targeted device in an attempt to “double-free” memory on the system. Executing a command to free a specific memory address more than once can cause memory leakage that allows an attacker to write commands or other data into blocks of the system’s memory. By doing so, the attacker could potentially cause the system to execute commands or could corrupt the memory of the system and cause a crash.

The affected systems are devices running Cisco’s ASA software with WebVPN enabled. These include:

  • 3000 Series Industrial Security Appliance (ISA)
  • ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliances
  • ASA 5500-X Series Next-Generation Firewalls
  • ASA Services Module for Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switches and Cisco 7600 Series Routers
  • ASA 1000V Cloud Firewall
  • Adaptive Security Virtual Appliance (ASAv)
  • Firepower 2100 Series Security Appliance
  • Firepower 4110 Security Appliance
  • Firepower 9300 ASA Security Module
  • Firepower Threat Defense Software (FTD)

Cisco has issued a patch for the vulnerability. But to get the patch, customers without current maintenance contracts will have to contact Cisco’s Technical Assistance Center (TAC) to obtain the patch. Some security professionals Ars communicated with expressed frustration with the slow response they got from Cisco’s TAC. Ars contacted Cisco for comment; the company has not yet responded, but we will update this story when it does.

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Microsoft is helping developers make cloud-connected games

Microsoft has acquired PlayFab, a game development startup that offloads the burdens associated with cloud-connected gaming for developers, allowing them to focus squarely on creating games. The terms of the deal haven’t been disclosed, but Microsoft will integrate PlayFab’s tools into its Azure cloud service, presumably in a bid to take on Amazon Web Services, which launched a similar set of tools two years ago.

Kareem Choudhry, vice president of gaming at Microsoft, noted in a blog post that more than 1 billion people are gaming, and as such the industry is moving into the cloud, largely because it improves security and gives gamers easier access to the multibillion-dollar gaming market. But this brings additional challenges for developers, who are then expected to provide extra game content — such as tournaments and analytics — long after a game has launched. "The cost and complexity of achieving this through custom-built, server-side tools and technologies is high," Choudhry said.

PlayFab, which powers titles such as Angry Birds: Seasons and Roller Coaster Tycoon Touch, takes care of all of this with a model designed to scale with a game’s community, so even smaller developers will have the opportunity to compete in the cloud gaming market. "PlayFab’s backend services reduce the barriers to launch for game developers, offering both large and small studios cost-effective development solutions that scale with their games and help them engage, retain and monetize players," Choudhry said. "PlayFab enables developers to use the intelligent cloud to build and operate games, analyze gaming data and improve overall gaming experiences."

PlayFab CEO James Gwertzman formed the Seattle-based company in 2014. In a blog post he said, "We are humbled by the trust developers place in us when they depend on our services to run their games, and look forward to rewarding that trust with the entirely new level of features, resources, and support that this acquisition is going to enable."

Source: Microsoft

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Waymo Gets Ready to Deploy Thousands of Self-Driving Minivans

It’s 2018, and Waymo is doing it live. Two months after the Alphabet self-driving car spinoff announced it would start running a truly driver-free service in Phoenix this year (as in, cars romping about with no one at the wheel), the company now unveils how it will do it: with the help of thousands more Chrysler Pacifica hybrids. The vehicles, built by Fiat Chrysler in Canada, will eventually make their way to the cities where Waymo is currently testing driverless tech. Waymo already uses 600 of the minivans to test its driverless software.

The details are a bit sketchy. Ask “how many thousands,” and you’re told, ¯_(ツ)_/¯. So we could be talking 2,000 new self-driving minivans, or 50,000. Of course, those won’t come all at one—this is one of those “rolling delivery” setups, with no public timeframe. “It’s really dependent on Waymo’s needs for the fleet,” says FCA spokesperson Dianna Gutierrez.

Today’s news does prove two real things. One: Waymo is not waiting for the federal government to approve new vehicle exemptions that would let it deploy vehicles without steering wheels or pedals, like the ones General Motors plans to launch next year. Nine years after launching this whole industry as Google’s self-driving car project, Waymo, now a standalone company under the Alphabet umbrella, is itching to get going. “Because our technology is ready today and we’re ready to scale today, our approach is to use a vehicle that’s on the market,” says Waymo spokesperson Johnny Luu.

Thanks to that head start and more than 4 million miles of testing on public roads, Waymo appears to be winning the race to develop driverless tech. And while the business model for making money off these robots is still opaque—will it sell its software to carmakers, or maybe manage its own nationwide fleet of self-driving taxis?—it’s moving full speed ahead.

Takeaway number two: You may come in contact with these cars sooner than you think, especially if you live in one of the 25 cities where Waymo is currently testing the tech. The company announced just last week it will bring its testing apparatus to metro Atlanta, making Georgia the first southeastern state to have self-driving test cars its midst. (In May 2017, the Peach State passed a bill allowing robocars with proper insurance and registration on public roads.)

Driverless cars have a long way to go before perfection, before you can hop in a cabbie-free taxi that will take you anywhere you want to go. But Waymo’s new armada of test minivans mean you could drive alongside one soon.


Roll Out

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Nuro’s Self-Driving R-1 Doesn’t Drive You. It Drives Stuff.

Perhaps the clearest sign that self-driving vehicles are coming to a road near you is that the startup boom has settled down. Nearly all the outfits that formed to crack robo-driving problem have paired up with the big automakers that can provide the manufacturing muscle they need to go big: Argo AI with Ford, Cruise with General Motors, Waymo with Fiat Chrysler, Aurora with Volkswagen and Hyundai. The startups that are entering the space at this late date are focused on various niches the new industry has created: improving lidar and radar sensors, compressing mapping data, and so forth.

Nuro.ai sits somewhere in between: It isn’t trying to dominate this industry, and it’s not settling for a role as a component supplier. The Silicon Valley startup did develop its own self-driving system, from scratch, but where its competitors talk about ridesharing, trucking, deliveries, and any other use case they can think of, Nuro is focused. The company, which came out of stealth mode today and just raised $92 million, is going after commercial deliveries, and it has designed a vehicle that—unless things go terribly—no human will ever sit inside.

The Nuro humans outside the vehicles, though, come with hard-to-beat pedigrees. Co-founder Dave Ferguson started out at Carnegie Mellon University’s Robotics Institute, helped build the car that won the 2007 Darpa Urban Challenge, and joined Google’s self-driving car team (now known as Waymo) in 2011. Jiajun Zhu was a founding member of Google’s effort. They left Google in mid-2016, when they decided to do something new. (It was a time of exodus: Project lead Chris Urmson left around the same time, to start Aurora. Anthony Levandowski, another founding member, had resigned a few months earlier to start Otto, which he soon sold to Uber, and got himself involved in a brutal lawsuit.)

Ferguson says they settled on commercial deliveries for three reasons: It was a project that could reach a lot of people, it offered a technical challenge and a sustainable business model, and it could be executed within three to five years. A year later, they had built the vehicle they’re now revealing to the world: the R-1. Nuro’s debut vehicle is the height of a sedan but about half as wide, and as long as a Smart car. It navigates using the usual suite of self-driving sensors—cameras, radars, and a spinning lidar unit perched up top. It’s fully electric and has two cargo compartments that can be specialized to fit all sorts of things you’d pay money to send whizzing around town: bags of groceries flowers, pizzas. It looks like a cross between a picnic basket, a toaster, and an MSE-6-series repair droid.

Nuro’s founders have plenty of work left to do, like convincing regulators to certify vehicles that aren’t built for humans (today’s rules require that all vehicles have things like seat belts and airbags), and finding a profitable business model, whether that’s contracting with specific restaurants or businesses, or running packages the proverbial last mile between distribution centers and their final destination.

As Waymo, Uber, General Motors, and other giants of the field stomp their way to deploying driverless cars for human transportation, Nuro hopes it has found a niche that will keep it safe—at least, until it has grown big enough to compete on its own.


Robot, Bring Me a Beer

  • Uber’s self-driving truck delivers [50,000 Beers]
    (http://ift.tt/2BF45As)

  • Robo-trucks are delivering refrigerators, [too]
    (http://ift.tt/2Bo8WHp)

  • And maybe, eventually, the mail

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Make This Amazon Charade Illegal

Amazon is a company worth $678 billion whose CEO is the richest man in the history of the world. Oddly, it is also the perpetrator of one of the biggest welfare scams America has ever seen. It’s even worse than you think!

Amazon’s grotesque national spectacle of goading our nation’s cities into trying to outbid one another for the company’s second headquarters is going exactly as planned. Nearly 250 cities submitted their pathetically grasping bids; that list has already been cut to 20 finalists, and, of course, only one city will “win” the right to make jaw-dropping handouts to Amazon out of the public till. (The city chosen will be a major city with an already healthy economy, rendering the begging debasements of all the second-tier cities all the more embarrassing.)

An interesting side benefit for Amazon—in addition to the huge sums of money it will receive in tax breaks—is that, as the New York Times notes today, the company now has an encyclopedic analysis of every city where it might ever want to locate any type of facility in the future, including the most valuable information of all: what sort of ransom the city is willing to pay to a company like Amazon. All of these “losing” cities can take as a consolation prize the knowledge that if Amazon wants to build, say, a warehouse there down the road, they will expect to receive at least a scaled-down version of the perks that the city already offered. In this rigged game, the cities of America have already laid all their cards on the table for Amazon to peruse at its leisure.

This is all fucked. Companies like Amazon build new headquarters and other facilities because they have a business need to do so. If a business has a business need to build a business facility, you do not need to pay the business money to do so. The fact that it has a business need means that ultimately it will make money by doing so. There is no charity involved here. The only thing that every damn city in America is bidding on here is the right to have a business facility located in a certain place. You do not have to be a genius to see that, in aggregate, from a national perspective, this is a losing game for the public. If we did not give private corporations any free public money, they would still build their business facilities, because doing so is a necessary part of doing business, which is what businesses do. Furthermore, taxes are what we charge for public services. By giving Amazon tax breaks, you excuse them from paying (a lot) for public services. As a result, either public services will suffer, or the rest of us will pay more to make up the difference. This is charity money being spent to enrich the richest man in the world. It is the worst possible use of public funds.

There’s an easy way to ensure that this charade doesn’t happen: a federal law banning these kinds of state and local subsidies to private businesses. Cities and states feel that they have to involve themselves in these harmful competitions lest they lose out on all business development because some other place is offering a sweeter incentive package. As soon as we allow anywhere to hand public money to Amazon, everywhere is forced to do so. It has to be stopped at the federal level. This process is always, always a net loss for the public. End this game completely. The only way to win is not to play.

If the government is really interested in making sure that Amazon is a good civic partner, they should help the company’s workers unionize.

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Lawsuit Alleges University of Pittsburgh Covered Up Escaped Lab Monkey Infected With ‘Select Agent’

A former immunology expert and laboratory director at the University of Pittsburgh alleges she was fired after blowing the whistle on safety violations at the university, including an incident when a laboratory monkey infected with a “select agent” escaped its cage, the Penn Record reported.

According to the Record, court documents show former university immunology professor and Regional Biocontainment Laboratory associate director Kelly Stefano Cole filed a lawsuit accusing university personnel of violating the Pennsylvania Whistleblower Law by terminating her after she reported the escaped lab monkey to them:

Cole’s suit says she questioned the university’s Biological Safety Officer, Dr. Molly Stitt-Fischer, about the incident and its outcome. Stitt-Fischer told Cole the event was not a safety violation, but an “accident,” the suit says. As it was deemed such, [the person allegedly responsible for the accident] would not lose her access to the facility, the suit says.

As Stitt-Fischer’s account differed from what the student initially told her, Cole took it upon herself to review the university’s report of the incident and found what she called a “notable error” in the report – namely, that the infected laboratory monkey had only escaped its cage for a short time, when it had actually escaped for several hours, the suit says.

Cole alleges she was told not to report the incident to federal authorities, and that she later learned a second incident involving a laboratory rabbit yet again infected with a “select agent” had similarly gone unreported. According to the Record, she also says the university subsequently began hitting her with minor infractions of rules like “improper sign-in procedures for the laboratories, improper laboratory attire and a paperwork discrepancy connected to various shipments of vials,” violations her colleagues were allegedly equally guilty of but not disciplined for, until she was eventually fired.

A select agent refers to varieties of biological agents that the Department of Health and Human Services or the United States Department of Agriculture believe could potentially “pose a severe threat to public health and safety”—a list that includes some pretty heavy hitters like hemorrhagic fevers and the plague, as well as diseases that can devastate livestock or plants.

In other words, all of it’s pretty bad stuff, though the Penn Record report doesn’t shed any light on exactly which agent it was or the circumstances of the supposed lab breakouts. Before you start buying face masks and stockpiling canned food, there’s also the possibility there’s more to this story than let on by one side of the lawsuit.

In 2017, federal authorities completed a review of the University of Pittsburgh’s laboratory facilities after People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals alleged widespread abuse of animals housed there, per the Pittsburgh Tribune-Review. USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service investigators deemed the accusations unfounded.

Gizmodo has reached out to the University of Pittsburgh for comment, and we’ll update this post if we hear back.

[Penn Record]

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