Artist’s impression of Dimorphos shortly after being struck by NASA’s DART spacecraft. China’s proposed kinetic impaction test would likely use a similar strategy. Image: ESA
The global effort to protect Earth from dangerous asteroids is set to become stronger, as China has announced its intentions to test an asteroid redirect system as early as 2025.
Speaking to China Central Television on Sunday, Wu Yanhua, deputy head of the China National Space Administration (CNSA), described China’s preliminary plans to embark on the planetary defense project, according to Chinese state-owned news agency Global Times. Wu’s comments coincided with Space Day, an annual event that commemorates the 1970 launch of China’s first satellite, Dongfanghong-1, in 1970.
For the proposed test, Wu said a probe would closely survey a near-Earth object prior to smashing into it. Known as kinetic impaction, the idea is to alter the orbital trajectory of a threatening asteroid by directing a large, high-speed spacecraft into the object. NASA is currently running a similar test, known as the Double Asteroid Redirection Test, or DART, which seeks to deliberately crash a space probe into Dimorphos—a tiny asteroid—later this year.
The Global Times says the CNSA project is in its infancy and is still being reviewed for approval. The Chinese space agency is targeting 2025 or 2026 to conduct the test, a timeline that coincides with the end of China’s 14th Five-year plan period, according to Wu.
In addition, Wu said the CNSA hopes to develop a ground-based monitoring and warning system to analyze and catalog potentially dangerous near-Earth objects. No further details were given, but the system will likely emulate NASA’s Sentry-II monitoring system, which autonomously evaluates asteroid impact risks. Software designed to simulate the risks posed by asteroids and tabletop exercises to rehearse the defense process are also planned, according to the Global Times, adding that China is “shouldering the responsibility as a major global power in safeguarding the Earth with other countries.” The proposed monitoring and warning system would precede the asteroid mitigation test, Wu said.
Having more eyes on the sky is a good thing. My hope is that CNSA, NASA, and other space agencies and astronomical groups will pool their resources to make sure no threatening asteroids are missed and to coordinate these efforts in meaningful ways. NASA says it’s currently tracking 28,000 near-Earth objects and that roughly 3,000 are being added to the list each year.
The proposed CNSA program and kinetic impaction test is welcome news and another sign of China’s ongoing ambitions in space and space exploration. The country’s space-based initiatives are advancing quickly, as evidenced by its robotic lunar and Martian missions and its nascent space station, which is being made available to foreign astronauts, including space tourists.
Learning or teaching a new board game can be equal parts challenging and maddening. Either you’re the one trying to explain the rules to an apathetic crowd, or you’re being “taught” and are expected to pick up every minute detail from a monotone lecturer. If you’re sick of every game night starting the same way, there’s a better option for board game teachers and students alike.
Dized is a free app designed to walk players through new board games with engaging tutorials uniquely created for each title. (The developers behind the program started a Kickstarter to get their vision off the ground, although I first saw it thanks to this TikTok by gamesbymondo.) After some success with backers, the experience is live on iOS, Android, and the web, albeit in a limited capacity. Let’s check it out.
When you first choose a tutorial, you see an initial summary screen, which includes the estimated duration one game will take, the number of players that can play at once, and the appropriate age rating. You’ll also see a summary of what the game’s all about, and have the option to check out either a tutorial or the rules.
Let’s focus on the tutorial, since that’s the app’s real selling point. Once the tutorial downloads, you’ll be greeted by a splash screen featuring the game’s logo and artwork, with accompanying music. An engaging voice-over introduced the game you’re about to play and asks how many players are participating, so it can tailor the walkthrough to your particular setup.
From here, your board game and all of its components (cards, boards, pieces, papers, etc.) appear onscreen, with corresponding voiceover descriptions and instructions. It’s well-paced: Instructions pause to give players time to take them in and grab whatever materials they need before one person taps the screen to move on.
G/O Media may get a commission
In control This smart speaker can be used to play music, listen to podcasts, do research with Alexa, and also control your other smart devices too.
The tutorials are well produced and are certainly more captivating than listening to one person reading from a rule book while everyone half pays attention. I tend to have a hard time learning a new game without actually playing it first, and these animated walkthroughs help fill that gap. I could definitely see myself grasping the rules to complicated games more quickly using Dized.
Clicking through the tutorial for Tiny Epic Pirates, for example, reveals it to be a very complicated game indeed. If I were to play this game from just the rule book alone, I’d be a total mess, and it would likely ruin game night.
The only real downside of the app, however, is the current lack of tutorials. The app currently has 39 games in its tutorial catalog, which definitely represents a considerable amount of time and energy, but considering the vast world of board games out there, it would be great to see more added. Here’s what’s available as of this writing:
7 Wonders
Agemonia (Teaser)
Assassin’s Creed: Brotherhood of Venice
Bang!
Bayou Bash
Carcassonne
Cartographers
Cerebria
Chess
Dice Miner
Dragomino
Farm Rescue
Fidget Factory
Fluxx
Iron Forest
King of Tokyo
Kingdomino
Latvijas Neatkarīas karš 1918–1920
Libertalia: Winds of Galecrest
Munchkin
Paleo
Pigasus
Potion
Robinson Crusoe
Roll Player
Scythe
Shobu
Snowman Dice
Splendor
Super Fantasy Brawl
TEAM3
The Night Cage
The Secret Neighbor Party Game
Time Breaker
Tiny Epic Dungeons
Tiny Epic Pirates
Tokyo Sidekick
However, there is a more expansive list of game rules; while these aren’t the engaging tutorials that make the app a unique experience, they’re a good supplement, especially if you’ve lost the original rule book. If you need to reference a rule at any point during gameplay, these well-ordered manuals should make finding the rule easy.
The “urban heat island effect” creates extra-hot temperatures that kill. But cities can prescribe powerful treatments, like green spaces and reflective roofs.
Last summer, investors gathered in the parking lot of a converted warehouse in Santa Cruz, California.
Rob McGinnis, the founder and chief executive of Prometheus Fuels, was ready to show off his “Maxwell Core.” The pipe-shaped device is packed with a membrane riddled with carbon nanotubes, forming pores that separate alcohols from water.
That day, it was connected to a tank filled with both. As McGinnis explained how the technology worked, his staff used it to fill the tank of a Harley-Davidson motorcycle. The alcohol seeped through the membrane, concentrating it enough to power the vehicle, which had been converted to run on the fuel, he says.
Attendees were then invited to take the Harley for a spin.
It was a theatrical demonstration of the technology key to McGinnis’s beguiling pitch: Prometheus will transform the global fuel sector by drawing greenhouse gas out of the air and converting it into carbon-neutral fuels that are as cheap as dirty, conventional ones.
Investors have thrown money at the company. Prometheus says it has raised more than $50 million from BMW’s investment arm, shipping giant Maersk, Y Combinator, and others. The startup has already struck deals to sell millions of gallons of its fuels to American Airlines and other aviation companies. It earned a shoutout in a Biden administration announcement detailing US efforts to shift toward sustainable aviation fuels. And after closing its venture round last September, the company announced that it was valued at more than $1.5 billion.
The only problem? There is little available evidence it can actually live up to its lofty claims.
McGinnis and his staff have built a prototype that combines the nanotube membrane with a device that sucks down carbon dioxide and a novel electrochemical cell. The system converts the captured carbon into alcohols and then concentrates them, avoiding what would otherwise be an expensive and energy-intensive distillation step as well as other costs.
A commercial-scale version would run on renewable power and add a final stage: converting those alcohols into synthetic forms of gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. McGinnis has claimed that the resulting fuels will be “price competitive” with those derived from fossil fuels and won’t emit any more greenhouse gas than the process removes from the air.
The technology would look nothing like the huge refineries that the world depends on for its transportation fuels. They would be modular units that could be built anywhere, relatively cheaply. Last April, Prometheus announced it expects to have half a million of these plants operating by 2030. Those could collectively produce about 50 billion gallons of fuel per year and suck down nearly 7 billion tons of carbon dioxide by the end of the decade.
If these fuels could be produced at the costs and on the scales claimed, Prometheus might well overhaul the global energy marketplace. It would offer a simple way to neutralize the emissions of the cars and trucks already on the road, as well as the world’s fleets of ships and planes. And it would reduce the pressure to continue extracting fossil fuels and building oil refineries, easing the grip of petrostates and the world’s addiction to petroleum.
But Prometheus’s assertions have raised eyebrows among researchers, entrepreneurs, and venture capitalists. Several experts who have reviewed an investor presentation obtained by MIT Technology Review are dubious that the company can achieve the claimed costs.
“It’s laughable,” says Eric McFarland, a professor of chemical engineering at the University of California, Santa Barbara. “It’s the tech bubble again,” he added later. “People are putting money into lots of things that ultimately won’t ever work, and this is one of them.”
To support MIT Technology Review’s journalism, please consider becoming a subscriber.
Others are skeptical that a small startup has quietly integrated leading-edge chemistry, novel catalysts, and a breakthrough membrane into a single cost-effective package that will easily scale to commercial levels. They note that the company hasn’t publicly demonstrated a fully working system, submitted the process to peer review, or provided more detailed information on how it works, even to some potential investors.
The fact that the company widely missed its own targets for delivering synthetic fuels to the market has raised further doubts. McGinnis originally said that Prometheus would sell its alternative gas for $3 a gallon by sometime in 2020, undercutting fuel sold at the pump. Instead, two years later, the company has yet to piece together an integrated device that generates fuels that could power standard vehicles today.
All of this has created a perception among some that McGinnis, a theater major and playwright before he earned a doctorate in environmental engineering from Yale, is a bit of a showman. His bold claims have likely helped the company strike deals, observers say, but it’s made it harder to decipher the reality from the hype.
Most outside observers that MIT Technology Review spoke with still believe it could take decades before carbon-capturing factories can spit out fuels as cheaply as we can dig them up. Some think they never will.
Electrofuels
Prometheus, and some other startups working to produce fuels from captured carbon, describe the end product as “electrofuels,” since the process would effectively transform the energy in electricity into liquid fuels. The promise is that they could provide a missing piece in the climate puzzle: a carbon-neutral energy source for the entire transportation sector.
Batteries work fine for electric passenger vehicles, but it will still take decades to supplant all the world’s cars and trucks, and build out the necessary charging infrastructure. And no one expects batteries to power large ships and planes anytime soon.
It’s simply hard to beat the energy density and convenience of liquid hydrocarbon fuels. They’re cheap and they’re easy to ship, store, and combust, says Merritt Dailey, a researcher at the Center for Negative Carbon Emissions at Arizona State University.
Electrofuels offer a way to continue using such fuels, along with our existing infrastructure, without adding any more greenhouse gas than the process removes. The clearest path for producing these fuels is to build direct-air-capture plants that use sorbents or solvents to capture carbon dioxide. Separately, devices known as electrolyzers can split water to produce a clean form of hydrogen, which can then be reacted with the carbon to make hydrocarbons.
MAX-O-MATIC
All that is straightforward chemistry, and it’s the path that one of Prometheus’s rivals, Carbon Engineering, is pursuing. In 2017, the company, based in British Columbia, added the ability to produce fuels from captured carbon onto its pilot plant in Squamish. In addition, it announced plans late last year to begin design work on a commercial plant near Merritt, BC, which could produce more than 25 million gallons of low-carbon versions of gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel per year.
But the problem is that direct-air-capture equipment and electrolyzers are both expensive to build and run. It requires considerable heat to separate the collected carbon dioxide from the sorbents and concentrate the gas; and it takes a lot of electricity to power the electrolyzers.
A study on electrofuels last year in Environmental Science & Technology found that with standard technologies, even at full commercial scale, a gasoline equivalent would cost around $16.80 a gallon. It estimated that costs might fall to about $6.40 in the next decade and $3.60 by 2050, but only if there are major cost reductions in the necessary equipment and electricity.
Given these costs, most observers believe that electrofuels won’t gain a foothold in the market without emissions mandates, steep carbon prices, or other supportive policies. Carbon Engineering, for instance, says it’s banking on government subsidies to make the economics work.
But Prometheus promises that its fuels will compete directly with those made from oil, largely because it’s avoiding key steps that make other electrofuels so expensive. What’s more, the company claims it won’t be decades before this happens, but just a few years.
Undercutting gasoline
In 2012, McGinnis left a desalination startup he cofounded, Oasys Water, but continued working on ways of improving a core piece of the technology: membranes.
He came to focus on the potential of carbon nanotubes, which can be designed to absorb or reject certain compounds. He spent years figuring out how to embed them into plastic sheets, aligning them perpendicular to the surface to create selective pores in the materials.
He coauthored a 2018 paper in Science Advances that showed he could manufacture carbon nanotube membranes that were effective at rejecting salt and magnesium sulfate. Additional refinements and experiments yielded nanotubes with openings just large enough to allow complex alcohol molecules through, while the interior tended to repel water. McGinnis became convinced he could use the technology to simplify a costly and complex step in one pathway for producing synthetic fuels.
In late 2018, McGinnis responded to Y Combinator’s call for carbon removal startups to apply to its accelerator program and got in, which he says marked the formation of Prometheus Fuels.
During YC’s Demo Day in San Francisco the following March, McGinnis reportedly stood on stage to deliver his pitch to the crowd of investors and show off a refrigerator-size prototype of the device he had completed days before the event.
It had sprung a leak and wasn’t operating, Science wrote at the time, but that didn’t prevent him from making a bold claim: “Today, gasoline sells for $3.50 a gallon in California. Next year, we will be selling it for $3 per gallon.”
The process
The process breaks down into four main stages, according to Prometheus’s investor materials.
In step one, industrial fans draw in air and blow it through a mix of water and other compounds, which McGinnis says could include sodium carbonate. That then readily reacts with carbon dioxide molecules in the air, shifting much of the carbonate to bicarbonate.
The resulting solution then moves into a battery-like cell with a membrane in the middle and electrodes on either end, which uses electricity to spark a series of chemical reactions that produce complex alcohols. It’s equipped with a catalyst based on technology licensed from Oak Ridge National Laboratory. In an earlier description, that lab said it had developed a catalyst made from tiny carbon spikes embedded with copper nanoparticles. When a voltage was applied, it converted carbon dioxide dissolved in water into ethanol “with a yield of 63%.”
Prometheus’s carbon nanotube membranes come into play in step three, separating the alcohols from the water.
And in a final step, different catalysts are used to combine the alcohols and convert them into synthetic gasoline, diesel, or jet fuel. In 2020, Prometheus licensed separate technology from the Oak Ridge lab that can be used to produce jet fuel from ethanol, through a multistep process that relies on a novel though unspecified catalyst.
The overall process is substantially different from the one other companies converting captured carbon into fuels are taking. As McGinnis explained in a Joule commentary, the Prometheus systems can operate under standard atmospheric pressure and at room temperature. The technology also avoids the heat energy needed to produce concentrated carbon dioxide as well as the capital costs of an electrolyzer dedicated to producing hydrogen. Instead, the company claims, it can synthesize alcohols straight from carbon dioxide dissolved in water, and then convert those into standard fuels.
If they’ve indeed figured out how to do this, it “could lead to significant energy and cost savings,” says Evan David Sherwin, a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford who produced the Environmental Science & Technology study.
One of the last slides in the investor materials shows a Prometheus-branded fuel station, with a red neon “Zero Net Carbon” sign advertising gas prices of $3.50 a gallon and diesel at $3.75, well below current average US prices.
‘Out over their skis’
McGinnis later pushed back his target date for delivering fuels, saying in that March 2020 Joule piece: “We project that by putting all of these advances together, it will be possible to offer renewable gasoline from [direct air capture] CO2-to-fuels within the next two years that is price competitive with fossil gasoline.”
When asked about that line, David Keith, a Harvard professor and founder of Carbon Engineering, mocked it in an email: “I project that by optimally putting all my smart ideas together it should be possible, within the next two years, for me to send a 5.13b climb [a very difficult rock-climbing grade] while getting elected to the National Academy and also launching an initiative that catalyzes global under-ocean [high-voltage, direct-current electric transmission line] interconnects.”
Both of Prometheus’s self-imposed deadlines have now passed.
McGinnis blames the delays on the pandemic and subsequent supply chain issues, and declines to state specifically when the company will be selling gas at the pump. “I feel like I got myself in trouble because I predicted things and then covid happened,” he says.
But he adds later that if “everything goes our way,” they could demonstrate the fuel later this year, and “maybe” begin shipping it commercially in 2023.
Other issues have also caught the eyes of outside observers.
The first is the solar cost Prometheus is banking on for its cost estimates: 2 cents per kilowatt-hour, which McGinnis says was based on the news that the city of Los Angeles had negotiated a contract to purchase renewable power for that amount.
MAX-O-MATIC
But the Los Angeles figures reflected a 25-year contract with a giant customer that was able to secure rates not likely to be afforded to a single plant. The unsubsidized costs if you build and draw power straight from a large solar project in the sunniest parts of the US is around 3 cents per kilowatt-hour, says Ramez Naam, a clean energy investor focused on the solar sector, who is bullish on electrofuels. And costs go up from there if a plant is drawing on power from further away.
“I think they’re out over their skis a little bit,” he says, though adds that solar costs could reach the levels the company is projecting at some point in this decade.
Relying entirely on clean electricity, which is crucial to make the carbon-neutral math work, creates other constraints. To operate profitably while relying solely on solar or wind power, the plants themselves will need to be very cheap, highly automated and capable of flexibly ramping up and down as levels of electricity generation fluctuate. Or they’ll need to incorporate energy storage, like big battery banks, which would significantly increase costs. In some regions, the plants could also rely on steady sources of carbon-free power like nuclear, geothermal, or a mix of wind and solar resources that largely balance each other out.
When asked about the issues raised by variable renewable power, McGinnis said in an email that the fuel forges are designed to operate flexibly, quickly flipping on and off depending on availability and pricing of electricity. The facilities can also rely on hydrogen they generate as a byproduct to run the process in certain circumstances, he added.
Perhaps the biggest question is how well the various experimental parts of Prometheus’s system, particularly the electrochemical cells that produce alcohols, will work outside the lab.
Sean McCoy, an assistant professor in the department of chemical and petroleum engineering at the University of Calgary, says that academic groups have explored key parts of this process as well. But he adds it’s mostly early-stage research that has run into challenges, noting that others working on an electrochemical process for converting carbon dioxide to alcohol have produced “very low yields.”
“Is it technically possible to do it the way they propose? Yes,” he wrote in an email. “But, unless they have solved some major problems in the front end, they are probably many years from making this a commercial reality. Can they do it for a price that is competitive with fossil (without subsidies or carbon pricing … )? I doubt it.”
McFarland adds that it would be very expensive to bring about the extended series of reactions needed to generate complex alcohols, given the high cost of the electrochemical cells and the electricity required.
“Even if it costs them only 2 cents [per kilowatt-hour] then they won’t be able to compete with fossil fuels,” he said in an email.
In fact, some think it’s unlikely any company or process could ever produce synthetic fuels from direct air capture at equivalent costs, given the expensive hardware, the electricity requirements, and the ability of major oil-producing nations to drive down the cost of fossil fuels by opting to produce more oil.
“You can’t beat the free energy of the sun that went into the plants that formed fossil fuels to begin with,” McCoy says. “That’s the challenge.”
It’s also conspicuous to some that Breakthrough Energy Ventures, Carbon Direct and Lowercarbon Capital—three prominent venture capital firms with a reputation for scientific rigor and a focus on carbon removal—haven’t invested in the company. Venture sources say the final cost and technical claims seemed highly unlikely, and that McGinnis wouldn’t allow them to thoroughly vet certain scientific claims, which was seen as a red flag.
Stanford’s Sherwin says that the process “doesn’t seem crazy,” but he notes some of Prometheus’s cost and efficiency assumptions do appear “very aggressive.”
He raises another issue, noting that any company working on electrofuels will need to operate openly, or be subject to oversight, to be sure the end product is actually carbon neutral.
“It’s going to be really important for synthetic hydrocarbon manufacturers to have very transparent and clear verification of the source at every step,” he says. “Because it wouldn’t be hard at all to have a magic box and sell gasoline.”
‘Right around the corner’
In an emailed response to these issues, McGinnis said the company will use an impartial means of carbon-neutral certification when it’s available. He added that there will be additional ways of verifying how the fuels were produced, including through analysis of the carbon.
He stressed that the investor materials weren’t designed as a stand-alone document, noting they also provided some firms additional information on their process through a spoken pitch and other materials.
“Anyone who has only been able to read the pitch deck but did not receive it as part of a pitch will be missing important context,” he wrote, adding that skeptics that weren’t otherwise conflicted would be convinced “if they had access to our data, models and methods.”
McGinnis said the company has limited how much it shares about its process to protect intellectual property, including to venture firms that had invested in competing companies. He says he asked such firms to rely on technical due diligence the company had obtained from third party consultants.
McGinnis previously declined to discuss certain parts of the process in detail with MIT Technology Review as well, citing similar reasons.
“We’ve got some tricks that we filed patents for, and have some trade secrets on, that I’d love to share with you,” McGinnis says. “But we’re still in the process of finalizing some of the patents.”
But he suggests that Prometheus doesn’t face scientific challenges at this point, saying “there’s nothing between us and shipping fuel other than scaling.” Now that the company has raised its Series B funding round, he plans to hire quickly and move forward much faster.
McGinnis adds that they’ve already begun speaking with regulators about the steps they’d need to take to sell the fuel directly.
Prometheus’s investors also remain optimistic.
Marcus Behrendt, the chief executive at BMW i Ventures, the venture arm of the auto giant, says his group is “very confident” that Prometheus is on track and that its carbon-neutral fuels are “right around the corner.”
“If he is successful, this is going to be a really big game-changer—and the odds aren’t against him,” Behrendt says.
McGinnis says it’s always safe to be cynical and assume that startups will fail, because the vast majority of them do. But, he adds, then you’ll also miss that rare one that does deliver a genuine breakthrough.
“I understand people saying ‘I’ll believe it when I see it,’” he says. “That’s why it’s so beautiful that we don’t need anyone else’s permission to go to market. Because we either do ship fuel or we don’t.”
via Technology Review Feed – Tech Review Top Stories https://ift.tt/Yh6529G
Last week there were ripples in the 3D printing community coming from a sudden disappearance of a bunch of files from Printables.com, a 3D printable file repository. We saw a bit of chatter, and then an article from The Drive, stating that Honda issued legal threats to have files that state that they are intended for Honda cars to be removed immediately.
This response, posted on the Prusa forums confirms the situation, and apologizes for the hastily deleted files. On the bright side, you can see that the files may still be retrievable if Honda comes to their senses.
The article on The Drive dives a little deeper into the legal situation, but ultimately there’s no resolution yet.
The 2021 skyline overlooking Signal Hill port from Hilltop Park was very hazy during a rough season of wildfires.Photo: Brittany Murray (Getty Images)
If you’re not living inside a heavily populated zone, it’s likely much, much harder to gauge the air quality outside. Despite a rather quiet rollout, a new feature on Google’s search engine isn’t likely to make it easier for people to know whether they should go outside or else crack open a can of Spaceballs’ “Perri-air.”
Last year, Google started showing people their local air quality on their Nest Hub and other smart display devices, as well as Google users in India. The function has now been expanded this week to include Google search users in the U.S. and Victoria, Australia according to a Google spokesperson. Google’s systems in the U.S. aggregate data from AirNow.gov, a government site which uses EPA monitoring data, and PurpleAir, a private air quality monitoring company.
“We continue to explore ways to make authoritative information on a range of sustainability and environmental topics readily accessible and look forward to sharing more in this space soon,” a Google spokesperson told Techcrunch.
The addition was made to Google’s search engine in time for Earth Day, a holiday that has largely been coopted by big polluters in their regular greenwashing campaigns. Just like many corporations’ supposed environmental crusades, this new search engine feature might just be more hot air.
AirNow relies on state and local monitoring agencies that submit their data to the EPA. PurpleAir uses its own sensors that individuals install within their communities. This information can line up together in certain circumstances, as long as both services are actually recording data in that area. Both systems use Air Quality Index to monitor the overall healthiness of the air.
For example, AirNow’s interactive might display data for a sliver of Washington Heights in New York City or Melrose in the Bronx, but it won’t have any for Prospect Park in Brooklyn. If neither PurpleAir nor AirNow have data for an area, then Google has nothing to display.
Entire portions of some cities, but especially more rural regions, have no data related to air quality whatsoever from the EPA’s AirNow site. PurpleAir relies on individual air monitoring devices, so while it has coverage for areas that governments do not monitor, it is also only helpful where their devices are hooked up to the network.
A representative from Google was not able to confirm how it aggregates its AQI data and there are gaps for air quality in many local neighborhoods. A spokesperson did confirm the company was working on future tools for people monitoring their environmental conditions, but could not offer specifics of what those are.
We also reached out to PurpleAir to ask them whether Google has worked with the company in creating this new feature on the search engine, but we have yet to hear back. We will update the story if either gets back to us.
ProPublica has previously reported on areas that the EPA leaves out industrial carcinogens from its AQI readings, effectively allowing high air pollution zones around industrial facilities. These zones have been shown to dramatically increase the likelihood of health issues like cancer. As just an example from Propublica’s map, one area around Wallingford, Connecticut is shown to have 1.5 times the acceptable risk of cancer thanks to a local metal products manufacturer. Googling for Wallingford air quality does not offer any results from the search engine’s new system. Using AirNow’s system for air quality in Wallingford, using all three zip codes for the area, either comes up with no data available or “good” AQI.
If Google wants to help people monitor their air quality in a way that will help them in the day-to-day, then a much deeper investment in infrastructure is necessary to allow it.
A team of UK scientists has analyzed the complete genetic makeup of 12,000 tumors from NHS patients and discovered 58 new mutations that provide clues about their potential causes. The team, composed of scientists from Cambridge University Hospitals and the University of Cambridge, used data from the 100,000 Genomes Project. That’s a British initiative to sequence the whole genomes of patients with cancers and rare diseases.
Team leader Professor Serena Nik-Zainal said this is the largest study of its kind and that the vast amount of data her team worked with allowed them to detect patterns in the genetic alterations or "mutational signatures" found in the tumors. By comparing their results with other studies, they were able to confirm that 58 of the mutational signatures they found were previously unknown. Some of them are pretty common, while some are rare.
"The reason it is important to identify mutational signatures is because they are like fingerprints at a crime scene — they help to pinpoint cancer culprits," Nik-Zainal explained. Some signatures could show that past exposure to environmental causes such as smoking or UV light had triggered the cancer, while others could have treatment implications. They could, for instance, pinpoint genetic abnormalities that could be targeted by specific drugs.
Professor Matt Brown, chief scientific officer of Genomics England said: "Mutational signatures are an example of using the full potential of [whole genome sequencing]. We hope to use the mutational clues seen in this study and apply them back into our patient population, with the ultimate aim of improving diagnosis and management of cancer patients."
In addition to conducting DNA analysis and publishing its results in Science, the team also developed an algorithm called FitMS that will give clinicians easy access to the new information they discovered. FitMS looks for both common and rare signatures in the results of a patient’s whole genome sequencing test. Doctors can use the algorithm to find out if their patients exhibit any of the newly discovered mutations for a more accurate diagnosis and for personalized treatments.
