Cashier-less ordering kiosks are becoming more and more commonplace at fast food restaurants like Wendy’s and McDonald’s. But Golden State burger chain CaliBurger is taking that one step further: its new self-ordering kiosks use AI and facial-recognition technology to order, pay and log into the chain’s loyalty/rewards program. It’ll even remember your crazy custom order to boot.
"Our goal is to replace credit card swipes with face-based payments," parent company CEO John Miller said in a press release (PDF). Security and the underlying recognition tech are being handled by NEC Corporation. While this sounds incredibly convenient, it’s basically just a high-tech way of pulling up a favorite order the way you would via a mobile-ordering app.
For now, the pilot program is only available at the chain’s Pasadena test store, and CaliBurger says that if it proves a success there will be a global rollout next year. If you’ll remember, that’s the same location where CaliBurger tried out robotic burger-flipping. Unlike that test, though, this one seems expressly designed to eliminate human employees.
That’s right, 5G is coming and the first 5G spec has been set. The players involved in building out 5G networks now have the details they need to make 5G a reality for you and I.
3GPP, the group of telecommunications organizations that meet to define standards, met yesterday and approved the first 5G spec. It’s a whole bunch of technical stuff that I’d imagine only network engineers will ever understand, but know this – we don’t get to 5G without this happening.
By setting this first 5G spec, the 5G system architecture has now been defined, which means features, functionality, and services are understood by the players surrounding 5G. We’re talking about network slicing, interworking and migration from 4G, etc. Again, this is the super technical system stuff that you and I don’t really need to know, but companies like Samsung and Qualcomm and Verizon need to know well in order to bring 5G to our future smartphones.
For example, this is what AT&T said about this 5G spec being set:
“We’re proud to see the completion of this set of standards. Reaching this milestone enables the next phase of equipment availability and movement to interoperability testing and early 5G availability,†said Hank Kafka, VP Access Architecture and Analytics at AT&T. “It showcases the dedication and leadership of the industry participants in 3GPP to follow through on accelerating standards to allow for faster technology deployments.â€
Samsung said this:
DJ Koh, President and Head of IT and Mobile Communications Division at Samsung Electronics, said: “As a global leader in the mobile industry, Samsung has been collaborating with the whole industry to achieve this milestone in 5G standards. With the completion of 5G NSA NR standard, we will be able to expedite 5G commercial deployments including chipsets, devices and network equipment. Samsung will continue making every effort to deliver complete Rel-15 NR standards. Rel-15 NR and its further evolution will be a key milestone for the industry to meet the increasing global demand for enhanced mobile broadband services and exploring new business opportunities and services inspired by 5G.â€
Qualcomm:
“We are excited to be part of this significant milestone, and to once again be at the forefront making the 5G vision a reality in 2019,†said Cristiano Amon, executive vice president, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. and president, QCT. “We look forward to continue working with our mobile industry peers to bring 5G NR commercial networks and devices in 2019 in smartphone and other form factors, for both sub-6Ghz and mmWave frequency bands, and to continue developing 5G technologies to connect new industries and enable new services and user experiences in the years to come.â€
T-Mobile:
“This is an important moment and a crucial development toward making 5G NR happen,†said Neville Ray, Chief Technology Officer for T-Mobile US. “At T-Mobile, we’re committed to drive a 5G rollout across the US in 2020, and the efforts of 3GPP will help us to realize this great win for our customers.â€
And Verizon:
“Verizon is delighted that the 3GPP is moving quickly to release a global standard for mobile 5G,†said Ed Chan, Chief Technology Architect and Network Planning. “With this important 3GPP milestone, Verizon is once again well positioned to deliver next-generation technology to customers just as we did with 4G LTE.â€
We’re still looking at carriers to tell us when they’ll have 5G available. T-Mobile, for example, is expecting 5G rollout in 2020. Verizon thinks they’ll launch some 5G broadband as early as next year. So we’re getting there, but it’ll still be a while.
Loot boxes have arguably been the biggest controversy in gaming this year, especially with regards to the boxes in Star Wars: Battlefront II. It seems that Apple has taken note of the backlash, as it’s implemented more stringent regulations on loot box systems.
Apple updated its App Store requirements recently, adding a clause that forces developers to disclose loot box odds. Now, games with random rewards available for purchase must tell players the chances of getting each type of item in a loot box.
This is notable because the United States currently does not federally require disclosure of odds, although several countries in Asia do require it. Up until now, unless developers voluntarily gave the information, players have had no idea how likely they are to receive especially rare items in any one loot box.
Although this obviously doesn’t regulate console games like Destiny 2 and Battlefront II, there are still several big-name mobile titles that will presumably fall under the requirement. Hearthstone, for example, may now have to show its card pack odds for Western audiences, something Blizzard already did for Chinese audiences earlier this year.
Loot boxes are almost certainly here to stay, but greater transparency is good, as it gives players a better idea of what they’re spending money on. Hopefully this trend will continue and eventually apply to console games, as well.
Susumu Tonegawa’s presence announces itself as soon as you walk through the door of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory. A three-foot-high framed photograph of Tonegawa stands front and center in the high-ceilinged lobby, flanked by a screen playing a looping rainbow-hued clip of recent research highlights.
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The man in the portrait, however, is anything but a spotlight-seeker. Most days, he’s ensconced in the impenetrable warren of labs and offices that make up Picower’s fifth floor. His hair, thick and dark in the photo, is now a subdued silver, and today, a loosely draped blue cardigan replaces the impeccable suit jacket. His accommodating, soft-spoken manner belies his reputation as a smasher of established dogma, or at least as a poker of deep and abiding holes.
Along with his MIT neuroscientist colleague Dheeraj Roy and others, Tonegawa is upending basic assumptions in brain science. Early this year, he reported that memory storage and retrieval happen on two different brain circuits, not on the same one as was long thought. His team also showed that memories of an event form at the same time in the brain’s short-term and long-term storage areas, rather than moving to long-term storage later on. Most recently (and tantalizingly), his lab demonstrated what could someday be a way to bring currently irretrievable memories back into conscious awareness.
Immunology was a transient interest for me. I wanted to do something new.
Susumu Tonegawa
Tonegawa, now MIT’s Picower Professor of Biology and Neuroscience, first carved out his maverick identity back in the 1980s. While at the Basel Institute for Immunology in Switzerland, he published a theory—first seen as heretical, then brilliant—that immune cells reshuffle their DNA to create millions of different antibodies from a small number of genes. His discovery won him the Nobel Prize in 1987, which explains the oversized lobby portrait. Most researchers would have stayed in the field and basked in the attention, but Tonegawa left immunology behind entirely. He spent the next couple of decades reinventing himself as a master of memory’s workings at the cellular level.
Despite his professional stature, Tonegawa is no TED-circuit regular or fount of startup concepts. Instead of selling his ideas or his persona, he prefers to let his data speak for themselves. And they do, perhaps more loudly than some of his colleagues would like. “The way he continues to disrupt and innovate is really striking,†said Sheena Josselyn, a neuroscientist at Toronto’s Hospital for Sick Children who also studies memory formation. “He tackles the tough questions. He doesn’t do something that is easy and expected.â€
Tracking Memories Cell by Cell
Upon meeting Tonegawa, I sensed that he considers his fame a slightly cumbersome side effect of his vocation. The day I visited his office, he was immersed in research banter with a colleague, breaking away only reluctantly to revisit his own journey. The whole immunology sideline, he told me, was something of an accident—his real love has always been molecular biology, and immunology was a fascinating expression of that. He ended up at Basel mostly because his US work permit had run out. “Immunology was a transient interest for me,†he said. “I wanted to do something new.â€
That “something†turned out to be neuroscience, which Francis Crick and other well-known biologists were touting as the wave of the future. In the late 1980s and early ’90s, researchers knew relatively little about how the cellular and molecular workings of the brain underpin its capabilities, and nothing excited Tonegawa more than mapping unexplored territory.
Tonegawa’s venture into brain science wasn’t a complete turnabout, though, because he brought some of his investigative techniques with him. He had been using transgenic (genetically modified) mice in his immunology studies, knocking out particular genes and observing the physical effects, and he used a similar approach to uncover the biological basis of learning and memory. In an early MIT study, he bred mice that did not produce a particular enzyme thought to be important in cementing long-term memories. Although the behavior of the mutant mice seemed mostly normal, further testing showed that they had deficiencies in spatial learning, confirming the enzyme’s key role in that process.
With that high-profile result, Tonegawa was off and running. About 10 years ago, he was able to take his work to a new level of precision in part by employing a technique called optogenetics. Developed by the Stanford University bioengineer Karl Deisseroth and others, the technique involves modifying the genes of lab animals so that their cells express a light-sensitive protein called channelrhodopsin, derived from green algae. Researchers can then activate these cells by shining light on them through optical fibers. Tonegawa and his colleagues use optogenetics to generate neural activity on command in specified regions of the brain.
This method has allowed Tonegawa to show that existing theories about memory formation and storage are wrong, or at least incomplete. This past summer, along with Roy and other colleagues, he reported that—contrary to neuroscience dogma—the neural circuit in the brain structure called the hippocampus that makes a particular memory is not the same circuit that recalls the memory later. Instead, retrieving a memory requires what the scientists call a “detour circuit†in the hippocampus’s subiculum, located just off the main memory-formation circuit.
To illustrate the discovery for me, Roy called up an image of a magnified brain slice in the lab. “What you’re looking at is the hippocampus section of a mouse,†he said. He gestured to a dense cloud of glowing green neurons in the upper right—the subiculum itself—and explained that his team had genetically engineered the mouse to produce channelrhodopsin only in the subiculum’s neurons. He and his team could then activate or deactivate these subiculum neurons with piped-in laser light, leaving the surrounding neurons unaffected.
Armed with this biological switch, the researchers turned the subiculum neurons on and off to see what would happen. To their surprise, they saw that mice trained to be afraid when inside a certain cage stopped showing that fear when the subiculum neurons were turned off. The mice were unable to dredge up the fearful memory, which meant that the subiculum was needed for recall. But if the researchers turned off the subiculum neurons only while teaching the fearful association, the mice later recalled the memory with ease. A separate part of the hippocampus must therefore have encoded the memory. Similarly, when the team turned the main hippocampal circuit on and off, they found that it was responsible for memory formation, but not for recall.
To explain why the brain would form and recall memories using different circuits, Roy framed it in part as a matter of expediency. “We think these parallel circuits help us quickly update memories,†he said. If the same hippocampal circuit were used for both storage and retrieval, encoding a new memory would take hundreds of milliseconds. But if one circuit adds new information while the detour circuit simultaneously calls up similar memories, it’s possible to apply past knowledge to your current situation much more quickly. “Now you can update on the order of tens of milliseconds,†Roy said.
That difference might prove crucial to creatures in danger, for whom a few hundred milliseconds could mean the difference between getting away from a predator scot-free and becoming its dinner. The parallel circuits may also help us integrate present information with older memories just as speedily: Memories of a new conversation with your friend Shannon, for instance, can be added seamlessly to your existing memories of Shannon.
Reassessing How Memories Form
In addition to revealing that different mechanisms control memory formation and recall, Tonegawa, Roy and their colleague Takashi Kitamura (who recently moved from MIT to the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center) have shown that memory formation itself is unexpectedly complex. Their work concerned the brain changes involved in the transformation of short-term memories to long-term memories. (In mouse experiments, short-term memory refers to recollections of events from within the past few days—what is sometimes called recent memory to distinguish it from more transient neural impressions that flicker out after only minutes or hours. Long-term memory holds events that happened on the order of two weeks or more ago.)
For decades in neuroscience, the most widely accepted model posited that short-term memories form rapidly in the hippocampus and are later transferred to the prefrontal cortex near the brain’s surface for long-term storage. But Tonegawa’s team recently reported in Science that new memories form at both locations at the same time.
The road to that discovery started back in 2012, when Tonegawa’s lab came up with a way to highlight brain cells known as engram cells, which hold a unique memory. He knew that when mice take in new surroundings, certain genes activate in their brains. His team therefore linked the expression of these “experiential-learning†genes in the mice to a channelrhodopsin gene, so that the precise cells that activated during a learning event would glow. “You can demonstrate those are the cells really holding this memory,†Tonegawa said, “because if you reactivate only those neurons with laser light, the animal behaves as if recalling that memory.â€
In the new Science study, the team used this technique to create mice whose learning cells would respond to light. They herded each mouse into a special cage and delivered a mild electric shock to its foot, leading the mouse to form a fearful memory of the cage. A day later, they returned each mouse to the cage and illuminated its brain to activate the brain cells storing the memory.
As expected, hippocampal cells involved in short-term memory responded to the laser light. But surprisingly, a handful of cells in the prefrontal cortex responded as well. Cortical cells had formed memories of the foot shock almost right away, well ahead of the anticipated schedule.
Yet the researchers noticed that even though the cortical cells could be activated early on with laser light, they did not fire spontaneously when the mice returned to the cage where the foot shock happened. The researchers called these cortical cells “silent engrams†because they contained the memory but did not respond to a natural recall cue. Over the next couple of weeks, however, these cells seemingly matured and became integral for recalling the memory.
“The dynamic is, the hippocampal engram is active [at first] and goes down, and the prefrontal-cortex engram is silent at the beginning and slowly becomes active,†Tonegawa said. This detailed understanding of how memories are laid down and stored could inform the development of drugs that aid formation of new memories.
Some in the neuroscience community, however, think it’s prudent to be cautious in interpreting the significance of findings like these. Last year, Tonegawa’s MIT colleagues Andrii Rudenko and Li-Huei Tsai emphasized that engram science is still so new that we don’t know exactly how engram cells might work together, nor which cells contain which parts of memories. “In these early days of functional memory engram investigation,†they wrote, “we still do not have satisfactory answers to many important questions.â€
Tonegawa has asserted that brains contain silent engrams that could potentially be externally activated—an idea that strikes a few neuroscientists as overblown even as it excites others, according to Josselyn. “It really forces the scientific community to either update our thinking or try experiments to challenge that,†she said.
Bringing Silent Memories to Life
Despite the uncertainty that surrounds it, the silent-engram concept offers us the fascinating prospect of gaining access to hidden memories—a prospect that Roy, in particular, continues to explore. In October, he published a paper with Tonegawa that generated a flurry of excited emails from scientists and nonscientists alike. One of the paper’s blockbuster findings was that, at least in mice, it was possible to awaken silent engrams without using a laser light or optical fibers.
The question the team asked themselves, Roy said, was whether they could make hidden memories permanently active with a noninvasive treatment. A cellular protein called PAK1 stimulates the growth of dendritic spines, or protrusions, that allow communication between neurons, and Roy had a hunch that this protein—when transported into brain cells—might help bring silent engrams back into direct awareness. “Can we artificially put [in] more of one gene that would make more protrusions?†he asked, excitedly noting that this approach might be simpler than optogenetics.
To test this possibility, the researchers first gave mild shocks to mice in a cage while also suppressing their ability to make the proteins that normally cement long-term memories. When these mice returned to the same cage later on, they showed no fear, indicating that they did not naturally recall the shock in response to a cue. Yet laser light could still switch on the mice’s fearful response, which meant the memory was still there in silent-engram form.
When the team injected these mice with the PAK1 gene to make them overproduce the protein, the animals froze up spontaneously when entering the dreaded cage. They were recalling the memory of the cage all on their own: The silent engram was coming to life. When PAK1 is administered, “you just wait four days, [and] they recover it with natural cues,†Roy said. In the future, he added, a therapeutic injection of PAK1 molecules that enter the brain’s memory cells could awaken people’s silent memories as well.
“So it would just be an injected protein?†I asked.
“That’s right—one molecular transporter that has one protein. People already have ways to put proteins into brain cells. I don’t think we’re that far [away] anymore.â€
It could be these silent memories could come out.
Susumu Tonegawa
It’s amazing to think that all of our minds hold hundreds or thousands of silent memories that are just waiting for the right activation to re-emerge into conscious awareness. If Roy’s findings hold true in humans, the retrieval of hidden memories might someday be as easy to initiate as getting a flu shot. “What would happen if you did that to a normal person? What would come flooding back?†I asked. “What would that experience be like?â€
“Very sci-fi, even for me,†Roy said. “My family says, ‘Is this all real?’ I say, ‘Yeah, I’m not lying to you!’â€
A few minutes later, back in Tonegawa’s office, I posed more or less the same question to him. Reactivating silent engrams could allow people with memory issues—like Alzheimer’s sufferers, soldiers who have survived explosive blasts and concussed athletes in contact sports—to regain memories that have become inaccessible. (To be sure, these people would often need to get such treatments early, before their conditions progressed and too many brain cells died.) Roy and Tonegawa’s past research suggests that people with cognitive difficulties have many stored memories that they simply can’t recall. But what about the rest of us who just want to mine our memories, to excavate what’s buried deep within?
Tonegawa paused to consider. “It could be these silent memories could come out,†he said. “If you artificially increase the spine density, inject enzymes which promote spine formation, then the silent engram can be converted to active engram.â€
When I pressed him further, though, he exuded caution. It was as if he was used to hearing people like me run away with the possibilities and wanted to tamp down my expectations. Even though his lab successfully reactivated mice’s silent engrams after a few days, that’s no guarantee that silent engrams last very long, he said. And once the cells that encode particular memories die off from old age or dementia, it might be game over, no matter what kind of proteins you inject. Tonegawa pointed to Roy, who was sitting across from him. “I won’t remember his name.â€
His patience seemed to be running out. The contrarian in him, I could tell, wanted to assert that he was a student of the essential nature of things, not a pursuer of drug patents or quick cures or even the ideal of perfect recall. “I know a joke,†he said cryptically. “Not injecting protein or genes, but I keep an external brain. I hold the information in that brain.†He pointed to Roy again—the person he counts on to remember things he can’t. “The only thing I have to do is have a relationship with that person,†he explained. It’s comforting, in a way, to know that the wizard of tracing and unlocking memories also believes that no brain is an island. “It’s better,†he said, “not to memorize everything.â€
Original story reprinted with permission from Quanta Magazine, an editorially independent publication of the Simons Foundation whose mission is to enhance public understanding of science by covering research developments and trends in mathematics and the physical and life sciences.
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I realize that airbags have saved countless lives since they were introduced in the early ‘70s, but that doesn’t make the idea of having a giant pillow explode in your face any less terrifying. Especially after watching the explosive mechanism that fills an airbag in just 0.03 seconds detonate in super slow motion.
World War III is going to be dumb. It only seems fitting that Bitcoin could get thrown into the mix of dumb reasons why it might get started. When South Korean cryptocurrency exchange YouBit was looted by hackers this week it seemed to be inevitable that North Korea would be at fault, and investigators believe that’s exactly what happened.
Early on Tuesday, Youbit posted a message on its website informing customers that it will declare bankruptcy after 17 percent of its total assets were stolen by hackers. It indicated that customers would be able to withdraw their holdings at 75 percent of the value. Now, South Korean police and the Korea Internet & Security Agency have to figure out who’s responsible for this mess. According to the Wall Street Journal, the investigators have good reason to believe Kim Jong-un’s regime is the culprit. From the report:
The people said there were telltale signs and historical evidence that North Korea was behind the Youbit attack. North Korean hackers in April targeted the same cryptocurrency exchange, operating under a different name, several of the people said. Yapian, the company that operates Youbit, suspended trading and filed for bankruptcy after Tuesday’s hack.
The bitcoin heist follows similar suspected Pyongyang-directed offensives against other South Korean cryptocurrency exchanges—and an increasing number of attempts to steal from individual investors.
The investigation is still in the early stages and analysis of the malware that was used is expected to take several weeks.
North Korean hackers are gaining a lot of notoriety this week after the US government formally blamed them for carrying out the massive WannaCry ransomware attack that began in May. Experts tend to agree that North Korea’s hacking operations are financially motivated. In September, security researchers at FireEye published an analysis of North Korean operations against South Korea and found at least six major incidents in which it targeted cryptocurrencies. While Bitcoin and other digital currencies offer anonymity that’s very beneficial to North Korea, as it’s under significant international sanctions, the country is open to going after old-fashioned fiat currency as well. FireEye’s report concludes:
Consequently, it should be no surprise that cryptocurrencies, as an emerging asset class, are becoming a target of interest by a regime that operates in many ways like a criminal enterprise. While at present North Korea is somewhat distinctive in both their willingness to engage in financial crime and their possession of cyber espionage capabilities, the uniqueness of this combination will likely not last long-term as rising cyber powers may see similar potential. Cyber criminals may no longer be the only nefarious actors in this space.
South Korea is a ripe target, not only because it’s North Korea’s long-time adversary, but because cryptocurrency is so wildly popular there. According to the market tracker Coinhills, the Korean Won is the third most exchanged currency for Bitcoin in the world. It trails behind the Japanese Yen and the US Dollar.
The Wall Street Journal claims that North Korea has a cyber army comprised of 7,000 hackers, but it’s really difficult to say how anyone could be certain of that number. In addition to being one of the most impenetrable countries in the world for traditional espionage, it’s also one of the most protected nations for cyberespionage. Because it mostly uses a closed intranet and only has limited connection to the world wide web, even the best hackers from the US have a hard time getting in.
In June, a NATO-sponsored think tank issued a statement that a state-sponsored malware attack could be considered an act of war and trigger Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty, meaning NATO members could engage in a military response. With reports that North Korea is testing anthrax loads on ICBMs in addition to its nuclear capabilities, and increasingly frequent joint military exercises between the US and South Korea, cryptocurrency’s just another dangerous ingredient in the hunt for a tipping point.
Carriers like AT&T, Verizon, and T-Mobile are pushing for the implementation of 5G by 2019. Yet, despite the flurry of 5G pilot announcements and spectrum purchases, none of them really know what they’ll be working with. But, that’s about to change, as the 3GPP (the organization that oversees cellular standards) has agreed on the specification for Non-Standalone 5G NR (New Radio) at a meeting in Lisbon, Portugal, reports Fierce Wireless.
Armed with the specs, suppliers and hardware manufacturers will be able to bring real (not faux) 5G to consumers. The completed specs will encompass support for low-frequency (600MHz, 700MHz), mid-range (3.5GHz) and high-frequency (50GHz) spectrum. We should have a better grasp on the precise details for 5G once they’re published later this week.
Getting these standards finalized before the end of the year was the mission of carriers, such as AT&T. Facilitating the approval, means that chip-makers can start developing the silicon-based parts that will work with 5G networks. Next up, the 3GPP members will try to pin down the specs for what will eventually be the replacement for 4G LTE: Standalone 5G.