Author: peterjang73

Hacker conferences—like all conventions—are notorious for giving attendees a parting gift of mystery illness. To combat “con crud,” New Zealand’s premier hacker conference, Kawaiicon, quietly launched a real-time, room-by-room carbon dioxide monitoring system for attendees.

Plants can be quite tough—they’ll survive forgetful caretakers, aggressive pets, and other potentially life-threatening events. Apparently, these threats don’t compare to what some plants are capable of surviving: the extreme conditions of outer space.

According to a new study published today in iScience, Physcomitrium patens—an extremely common moss species—can survive for 9 months outside of the International Space Station. What’s more, 80% of the moss spores came back to Earth intact and healthy enough to continue growing, breaking new ground in astrobiological research at the onset of humanity’s missions to the moon, Mars, and beyond.

“Space imposes multiple extreme stresses simultaneously, and we expected that nearly all the spores could die,” Tomomichi Fujita, study senior author and a biologist at Hokkaido University in Japan, told Gizmodo in an email. “Instead, many remained viable and apparently grew into perfectly normal plants. It also contributes to discussions about the resilience of life beyond Earth.”

Life beyond Earth

This is not the first time that researchers have tested how the extreme conditions of outer space affect Earth-born creatures. In fact, astrobiologists often recruit particularly sturdy creatures—typically microbes or other microorganisms like tardigrades—known to withstand harsh conditions on Earth. One experiment in 2005 sent lichen to space for around two weeks, whereas in 2022 researchers found cyanobacteria and fungi could withstand extraterrestrial conditions for months.

Moss, on the other hand, was already known for its remarkable survivability, being “among the earliest plants to colonize land,” and has been known to thrive in Antarctica, volcanic fields, mountain peaks, and more, Fujita explained.

“We wondered: If mosses could pioneer barren lands on early Earth, could their spores also withstand the environment of space and even contribute to future efforts to green the Moon or Mars?” Fujita mused. Physcomitrium patens was also genetically well-understood among researchers, making it the ideal species for analyzing the effects of outer space on the plant’s genetic material.

The moss, a dry, mature sporophyte—moss structures containing thousands of spores—launched to space aboard Cygnus NG-17 in early 2022 and returned to Earth in 2023, riding SpaceX’s CRS-16. Excluding brief storage periods, the moss lay exposed to space on a specially designed panel for 283 days (fun fact: that is three days less than the famous “stranded” Starliner crew from earlier this year, although these human astronauts were inside the ISS, not outside).

Moss life in space

While in space, the moss “endured vacuum, cosmic radiation, extreme temperature fluctuations, and microgravity,” Fujita explained. To put this into perspective, just the temperatures alone ranged from anywhere between -320.8 and 131 degrees Fahrenheit (-196 and 55 degrees Celsius). And so, Fujita’s team expected that “survival rates could be close to zero.”

“The biggest challenge was uncertainty,” he said. “We had no way of knowing how much damage the combined stresses of space would cause because such conditions cannot be replicated on the ground.”

To their—pleasant—surprise, they were totally wrong. Upon the moss’s return to Earth, Fujita’s team assessed the combined effects of such elements on the moss’s germination rates, growth patterns, photosynthetic activity, and cellular integrity.

They found that a shocking 80% of the spores survived the intergalactic journey, whereas nearly 90% of those remaining spores were able to germinate, or grow. The chlorophyll levels in the moss were generally consistent as well, according to the paper.

That said, the study focused on a single type of moss, meaning it may not capture the full extent of how mosses—or plants, for that matter—respond to similar conditions, the paper noted. Space experiments are generally difficult to conduct, but Fujita is determined to continue building on the latest findings.

“This is not just a story about ‘moss in space,’” Fujita said. “It is part of a larger scientific effort to understand how life adapts to extreme environments, how ecosystems might be built in closed systems […] It is also a powerful reminder that life is far more resilient than we often imagine.”

Microsoft’s push to make Windows 11 a fully AI PC operating system continues, with the company planning to roll out new AI agents that can complete tasks and make changes on your behalf. But the company isn’t turning the AI feature on by default because there’s a risk of it downloading and installing malware. Oops!

As spotted by Windows Central, Microsoft recently published a lengthy warning about the AI agents it will soon add to Windows 11. In the post, Microsoft explains that agents will have their own accounts on your Windows 11 PC. They’ll also have “limited access to your user profile directory” and, if needed, will be granted read and write access to certain folders, including Documents, Downloads, and Desktop. And while Microsoft claims that all AI decisions must be approved by a human and all actions will be logged and reported, the tech giant acknowledges that activating these agents could be a bad idea.

In the warning, Microsoft straight up says that its AI agents introduce “novel security risks” like, oh, I don’t know, being able to send off your data without you realizing it, being tricked by online commands, or even installing harmful software. Here’s the full warning:

As these capabilities are introduced, AI models still face functional limitations in terms of how they behave and occasionally may hallucinate and produce unexpected outputs. Additionally, agentic AI applications introduce novel security risks, such as cross-prompt injection (XPIA), where malicious content embedded in UI elements or documents can override agent instructions, leading to unintended actions like data exfiltration or malware installation.

Now that seems very bad to me, a person who likes to keep malware off my PC. And Microsoft agrees, because when these agents are added in a future update, they will need to be manually activated by the user. So at the very least, if you are running Windows 11, you don’t have to worry about AI agents installing some malware on your PC while you’re off grabbing a snack. For now. Microsoft is pushing AI hard in all its products, including Xbox, and I wouldn’t be surprised if one day these AI agents in Windows 11 are just turned on by default. Anyway, remember how Xbox is teasing that its next console will basically be a Windows-powered PC? Cool stuff. So happy about that.

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