Day: July 20, 2016

Sea slugs typically slither—a perfectly respectable way to get around—but recently a team of scientists saw additional locomotive potential in the odd-looking invertebrate. Specifically, they took a tiny muscle from the sea slug’s mouth and used it to make a robot crawl.

"We’re building a living machine—a biohybrid robot that’s not completely organic—yet," Victoria Webster, the PhD student who is leading the research, said in a statement.

A sea slug might seem an unlikely source for robot parts. But according to the researchers, sea slugs are exceptionally tough creatures, and that toughness extends down to the cellular level. In the chilly Pacific Ocean, sea slugs endure large swings in temperature, salinity, and habitat as tides move them between deep water and shallow pools. This makes the slug’s muscles more adaptable than those of many other species in terms of the conditions in which they can operate.

The researchers started by harvesting so-called buccal muscles, from around mouths of the Aplysia californica, or sea hare—a species of sea slug. The muscle has two "arms" that the scientists attached to the body of the 3D printed polymer robot. When the muscle contracts, the bio-bot is able to pull itself along at a rate of 0.04 centimeters per minute (let’s face it: sea slugs are not speed demons).

For now, the muscle is the only biological part of the robot, but ultimately the researchers hope to incorporate more sea slug parts. For example, they’re trying to develop a body from the collagen of the sea slug’s skin, and they also hope to incorporate the sea slug’s ganglia, which would allow them to use chemical or electrical signals to contract the muscles.

"With the ganglia, the muscle is capable of much more complex movement, compared to using a manmade control, and it’s capable of learning," Webster said.

The field of biohybrid robots is growing fast and has recently generated a variety of quirky projects. We recently wrote about robo-stingrays made from rat muscle cells.

One major advantage of these biohybrids, say the researchers, is that eventually they could be very cheap to produce. Then, in theory, they could be released in swarms to provide a variety of functions, such as pollution detection. And when they’ve finished their work, they could simply biodegrade.

The researchers will present their work this week at the Living Machines conference in Edinburgh, Scotland.

NASA’s goal is to put the first boot prints on Mars in the 2030s. There’s a lot of work to be done before then, and many small steps to take in between.

The space agency has come under fire for not thoroughly plotting its roadmap to Mars. Lockheed Martin wants to help fill in the details. The company is responsible for building the Orion spaceship that will carry NASA astronauts to Mars, and it’s also hoping NASA will sign on to its Mars Base Camp proposal.

The Base Camp would be a Lockheed Martin-built laboratory that orbits Mars, giving astronauts the ability to drive rovers and UAVs on the Martian surface in real-time, and perhaps paving the way for a landing party. The proposed laboratory could be on in orbit around Mars by as soon as 2028, the company says.

To illustrate how that could be done, the company whipped up a bunch of gifs, and gave Popular Science a first look.

2018: Beyond The Moon

An uncrewed Orion capsule will ride into space on the first launch of the Space Launch System–NASA’s mega-sized, deep-space exploring rocket–in 2018. If all goes as planned, the capsule will travel thousands of miles beyond the moon, going farther than any human-rated spacecraft has gone before. Orion will orbit the moon during its three-week mission before returning to Earth. Data gathered during this test flight will help to inform future crewed missions, first to lunar space and then, some day, Mars.

2019: Safety Check

During liftoff, a crew capsule is literally strapped to an explosion–albeit a controlled one. To keep astronauts safe during this most dangerous time, Lockheed is design a Launch Abort System for Orion. Should the rocket undergo an uncontrolled explosion, this needle-nosed attachment is designed to jettison the crew capsule out of harm’s way.

The launch abort system was flight tested in 2014 and will be again in 2018. Those flights, however, only had part of the abort machinery activated. The 2019 test will have the system fully fired up in preparation for Orion’s first crewed flight.

Up until this point, Lockheed Martin’s plan matches up with NASA’s roadmap. After this, the plans diverge somewhat.

2021: Begin Building Base Camp

NASA’s current plan for 2021 is to launch a spacecraft toward a nearby asteroid to pick up a boulder and bring it back into orbit around the moon. The Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) is not exactly well-loved, but it would serve as a way to test out some futuristic ion engines that could slowly but efficiently carry our luggage to Mars.

Lockheed Martin’s proposal for 2021 is to start building the Mars Base Camp in cis-lunar space–the area between Earth and the Moon.

According to Lockheed’s plan, this would entail the first crewed flights of Orion and SLS. NASA had originally planned to fly astronauts by 2021, but that deadline slipped to 2023.

Building the Mars Base Camp could also serve as a way to test out the fancy solar electric ion drive that ARM would use.

2022: Launch A Laser-Toting Satellite To Mars

A proposed Mars orbiter could provide the first broadband communications between Earth and Mars, using lasers. The faster speeds and larger capacity of laser transmissions could prove vital during human missions to Mars.

If funded, the orbiter could launch in 2022.

2024: Test Drive On The Moon

In orbit around the moon, Base Camp allows astronauts to control robots on the lunar surface in real time, as well as collect samples that launch up to the laboratory for analysis. Or, Lockheed suggests, the astronauts could use robots to remotely set up a radio telescope on the far side of the moon. Since the lunar far side constantly faces away from Earth, it is shielded from the radio noise of humanity, which could make it a prime location for studying the stars, black holes, and more.

This practice session would help to train the astronauts on their jobs from Mars orbit, as well as work out any kinks in the systems.

2025: Visit An Asteroid

Whereas the Asteroid Redirect Mission would collect a boulder from an asteroid, and then bring it into lunar orbit for astronauts to explore in 2026, Lockheed wants to send the astronauts straight to the asteroid. This long-duration science mission would serve as a test run for Mars missions, which could last for years. It will also give astronauts a chance to leave the spacecraft and interact with a low gravity object, says Lockheed.

2026: Send Base Camp To Mars, Make Sure Everything Works

2028: Send Humans To Base Camp, Become Interplanetary Species

Landing on the surface would come later, in the 2030s.

Other Routes To Mars

NASA’s current outline would put the first humans on Mars in 2035, but it includes a very large leap between exploring a boulder in lunar orbit and then landing on Mars.

Landing will be one of the most technologically difficult parts of the journey. Many folks have suggested orbiting Mars first, before sending a separate mission to land there. That could be in the form of an orbiting laboratory, like the Mars Base Camp, or by settling down first on one of Mars’ moons. Other pathways would test Mars-bound technologies on the surface of Earth’s moon. Each strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages.

For it’s part, Lockheed isn’t saying exactly how much Base Camp would cost. The concept "leverages existing investments in SLS and Orion, and is designed to fit within NASA’s projected exploration budgets," says a public relations officer.

Whichever pathway NASA chooses to take, it’d best decide soon. If SpaceX’s Elon Musk has his way, humans might be walking on Mars by 2026.